Joules-to-GDP: Economic Value Produced Per Unit of AI Energy

References

1. Joules-to-GDP: Economic Value Produced Per Unit of AI Energy
2. GDPval — Patwardhan et al. (OpenAI), 2025
3. The ML.ENERGY Benchmark — Chung et al., 2025
4. From Words to Watts — Samsi et al., 2023
5. Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP — Strubell et al., 2019
6. The Simple Macroeconomics of AI — Acemoglu, 2024
7. Cost-of-Pass — Erol et al., 2026
8. Intelligence per Watt — Saad-Falcon, Narayan et al., 2025
9. MLPerf Power — Tschand et al., 2024
10. Economic Evaluations of Language Models — Wan et al., 2026
11. Remote Labor Index — Mazeika et al., 2025
12. Power Hungry Processing — Luccioni et al., 2024
13. AI Agents That Matter — Kapoor et al., 2024
14. Generative AI at Work — Brynjolfsson et al., 2025
15. Request and Token Energy Costs for LLM Inference — Vellaisamy et al., 2026